Pete Fraser Talk.

Today we had an 2 hour talk with Pete Fraser about film openings. During this talk, Pete gave us some top tips for film openings and how we can achieve good grades within our own film openings. We were talked through a power point showing us how to plan a good film opening and what to include in a good film. Pete also emphasised how to ensure our film did not replicate a trailer as it is a very easy mistake to make. 

Pete then went on to show us a few examples of students film openings and we rated them from level 1-4 based on the camerawork, editing and sound. He told us how the film openings which achieved  level 1 or 2 could have improved their film openings and how we could use those possible improvements in our film openings. Pete taught us that it is very important to consider every possible factor when making a film opening, such as what a good film opening includes and how to plan a good film opening. He also told us ways of making sure our film opening does not look like a trailer or short film
. 

Film Pitch

In todays lesson we were put into groups by our teacher to ensure that we were working with different people in the class, this is so everyone can become confident around each other, my group was myself, Nathan and Dominik.  After we was put into our group we had to pick a target audience age and a genre of a film at random out of a cup and come up with an idea for a story line of a film - we picked out a Science-Fiction film for Old Age Pensioners, which we weren't too keen on.

Below is a power point including all the information about our film 'Time Gone By', put together by Nathan, Dominik and myself, which we then went on to present to the rest of our class. 

Time Gone By - Film Pitch

 We analysed everyone's Film Pitches and scored them out of 10 for each section which included:

• Relevant/Intriguing/Catchy Film Title.
• Interesting Characters and Appropriate Cast.
• Enigma Codes.
• Narrative suitable for Target Audience.
• Does the Narrative fit the Genre.
• Originality of the film
• Marketing Ideas

Over all the feedback we received for our film idea was very good. Out of a possible 70, Nathan, Dominik and I scored an average of 50.8 which we were satisfied with.

The majority feedback regarding the Film title was that it was intriguing and made our audience want to find out why we had name the film 'Time Gone By'. Due to the nature of our film being about a Elderly Butler who travels back into his past to try and change events that that have occurred in his life, our audience who we pitched to felt that the title was relevant to the film.

There were mixed opinions about the choosing of the actors for our film. Most of the audience agreed that in fact Robert De Niro was suitable as he is notorious for playing a bitter and miserable character in a few films. Also, as our target audience for our science fiction film is Old Age Pensions, the class felt that the potential audience would be able to relate to an elderly character more so that a youthful character . On the other hand, some of our peers felt as though Robert De Niro was not well known enough to feature in this film if we wanted to attract the target audience as well as some other ages groups.

The featuring story line in our film is a time travelling butler who wants to change past events in his life, our class felt that this was an engaging story line that our potential target audience will be able to relate to as everyone has aspects of regret in their life and trying to change it can cause destruction, and we tried to promote the idea that everything in life happens for a reason. However, some felt that our theme was not that original as other films such as 'About Time'  feature a male that time travels however we reassured them that is was original as our character does not travel back in order to do good for other people he does it for himself. As well as this, our film does not include a happy ending, the character discovers that the events he is changing in this life leads to a permanent adaptation as he does not end up meeting his wife and having his kids and he changed events that lead to meeting his wife.

We received good feedback regarding our marketing plans and the class felt that our choices of advertisements being film posters on buses and at bus stops and also around cafes etc will attract old age pensioners as these are locations in which old age pensioners frequently visit. Also creating a day time television advert using clips from our trailer to promote our film was a good idea, as we acknowledged the fact that elderly people are very unlikely to use social media or view YouTube clips therefore using money out of our budget to crate advertisement in places that our target audience are unlikely to see in very pointless.

Over all 4/5 groups said that they would by the film rights to our Science Fiction Film 'Time Gone By'.

Institution

In today's lesson we learnt about institution and independent vs mainstream films. We leanrnt about the 'Big Six' production companies in the film industry and some of the famous films that they have produced: Below are a list of the films we looked at.
                              
Many people conclude that most important people involved in the film industry are the distributors. Distributors are important because they are the people who actually work towards screening the films in as many cinemas as possible. Disytributors make their way round the cinemas and try and promote their films in order to get them played on the big screen.  
Cinemas such as Odeon, Cineworld and Vue don't actually make a large profit from the ticket sales, however they tend to pick the big films to be played and use up the most amount of screens that it can. Cinemas make their money through the sale of the additional treats they sell such as popcorn and a drinks. Cinemas know that the more popular the film is, the more people are going to want to come and see it, hence the more tickets that they sell, the more popcorn they will sell and the more money they will make. 

Independent film makers are continually finding it difficult to get their films on the big screens across the country. This is due to the comparison between mainstream film makers and the independent film makers, films produced by mainstream film companies will always be more popular as independent films are unheard of before.

The are also production companies called 'Mini Major's'. These include Lionsgate, MGM and Dream Works.

Lions gate	MGM	Dream Works
Hunger Games	Robocop	Home
Saw	Creed	Big Hero
Twilight	Also co-productions with some of the Big Six production companies such as Paramounts – ‘Hot Tub Time Machine’.

September is a bad month for films this is because it is just after Summer and just before Christmas, therefore not many film companies come out with big films.
October to February - Critically acclaimed films come out. Christmas time is when the big blockbuster films come out.

We went on to design our own logo if we were to have our own film production company. Here is my design. I used big bold white letter to contrast the dark background which highlights the company name.

I made this design for my logo as the bright colours contrasting with the dark nature of the background highlights how my institution will be producing films of all different genres, ranging from horror to comedy films. The reason i used a brightly coloured tree as the main feature of my background was due to the research i had done about the other film production companies such as Paramount and DreamWorks as they both include nature themes in their recognisable logos. The big bold white letters 'CM' resembles my initials so the viewers instantly recognise that the film that is being shown was made by my production company. The letters are relatively big therefore stand out and would be able to be noticed from the distance, creating a memorable logo in peoples minds. Although my initials are in the bottom left corner of my logo, due to the size of them, i do not feel as thought the image in the background overshadows the text as it is relatively dark and the first thing i see when i look at this logo is the text.

Film Language

In todays lesson, we learnt about the different language film editors and producers use when shooting a film regarding Camera, Movement, Mise En Scene, Editing and Sound. We were taught acronyms to help us undertsand these concepts and then went on to analyse a few clips from different films to help us get used to the language.

Camera -
Frame - This reflects the size of the shot.

Angle -  There are different types of angled views when filming;

• Worms Eye View (Low Angle)
• Level (point Of View)
• Birds Eye View (Hight Angle) 

Movement - There are different movements that the camera follows, these include;

• Pan Right and Left
• Tilt Up and Down.
• Tracking Shot (following the characters as they walk for instance)
• Steady Cam.
• Handheld.

Mise En Scene -

• Costume 
• Lighting
• Actors - Their Age, Gender, Efnicity, Class, Sexuality, how they Stand, Speak, Clothing.
• Makeup - Normal Makeup, Special Effects or No Makeup.
• Props - Icons.
• Setting

Editing - 

• Transitions
• Order of narrative
• Pace - Slow (Scared/Love)
• Special Effects.

Sound - 

• Dialogue
• Music - How the music makes us feel when it is played in the background.
• Diegetic Sound - Real sound that actors would hear. (Background Sound, such as cars)
• Non Diegetic - Sounds actors, wouldn't hear - (Music, Voice Overs) 

After learning about the key terms used in the film industry; we watched the opening clip of the Disey Pixar film 'Up'. 

Up

                           

In the opening scene from the hit Disney Pixar movie 'Up' we can see that time passes extremely quickly, starting from their wedding day when Carl and Ellie were both very young right through to the elderly period in their life, all these events happening at a very fast pace happening without any dialogue whatsoever.  The Camera movements in this opening scene are very significant in showing the passing time in the couples life, the directors uses straight cuts and panning when filming. The clip also shows time passing by Ellie tightening Carl's tie each morning before going to work, each tie representing a new day. This opening scene includes no conversation or narrative which shows how music and different effects are so powerful in films, particular in animated films.

Cape Fear

            

We watched the opening scene from the film 'Cape Fear' and applied the film language we used to analyse the different camera angles used when it was filmed. In 'Cape Fear' we saw four different frames used by the camera, these included 'ECU' - extreme close up shot, Mid Shots, and 'ELS' - extreme long shot. The camera also tilts downwards when showing the viewers the photographs and posters on the prisoners cell wall, the posters show a poster of a leader of some sort, because this is on his wall suggests he idolises this figure and believes in one powerful person in charge, this could reflect his life before prison as he could have been the leader of a mass gang. When leaving the prison the viewers understand that the prisoner is completely alone with no one greeting him as he leaves imprisonment. The producers create an eery and dangerous atmosphere by representing the character as a thug. We gather this representation of him due to stereotypical nature of tattoos,  he also has greasy slicked back black hair, these are features of our  'Mise En Scene' acronym 'clamps'. The man featuring in the opening scene of 'Cape Fear' grasps an intimidating attitude with a mask of intelligence due to the amount of books we can see he has read in prison, which also suggests he has been there for a long time. As he makes his way out of the prison, the directors incorporate pathetic fallacy by using thunder and lightening to represent how the outside world should be scared by his exit, as if danger is coming. 

Boyz n The Hood

At the beginning of the this clip the audience can hear several gunshots, swearing and screaming all as background noise; there is not visual for the very beginning scene which makes the audience wonder: Is there actually a shooting happening, or is this just a representation of these characters everyday life? The first scene we see, we re introduced to the first four characters which are young children making their way to school. While walking to school, their conversation includes discussing gunshots they had heard the night before very casually as if everything was normal and this was a regular occurrence in the area in which they live.  The director used stereotypical mannerism of a 'chav' by dressing these children in baggy clothing of bright colours and also featuring walls covered in graffiti, the childeren are walking along roads smothered in rubbish which clearly indicates living in a very rough area. 
Very soon into the film, we can gather that these children are very brave and confident as they are living life surrounding my crime. We can see the children walking into a crime scene without any fear whatsoever, once again emphasising how this lifestyle is very common for them as none of them were shocked or scared by the crime scene.  Throughout this scene, the camera indulges in many close up and mid shots to focus on the children's reactions to the crime scene, to allow to audience to engage in the fact that this is their everyday lifestyle, there are also elements of the camera panning to show the children reacting off of each other. 
The next scene is shown by a 'MLS' - mid long shot of a classroom full of children. The class are drawing pictures of the police which is a transition between their real life to drawings as they are so used to seeing the police around. Two boys that appeared in the first seen are shown arguing with each other whom are both extremely opinionated which shows that they have possible been brought up by particularly confrontational families. When this argument breaks into a fight, the teacher tries to break it up whilst the other class members are encouraging them and laughing at the situation, which implies that, again, this happens often and in fact they find these circumstances humorous. 
The final scene we analysed from 'boyz n the hood' was presented to the audience in an extreme long shot.  The child that is walking home from school stumbles upon a gang having a bust up on the streets, in broad daylight. The setting in this clip is very significant in showing how dangerous the streets are as most fights happen in the dark where suspects are less likely to be spotted, this symbolised the violence and crime in society at the time this was filmed. 
The frame then switches from the focus being the child walking home to his mother at home on the phone to his teacher which is shown to the audience in a close up shot. The boys teacher jumps to the conclusion that the mother was uneducated and unemployed as most mothers were at the time, also due to the fact she had a troubles, confrontational son she assumed that this was a reflection on his upbringing at home. Whilst the phone conversation was happening, the focus then changes back to the boy walking on the streets featuring a car going by playing extremely loud music which is a contrapuntal sound as it does not match the mood of the conversation between the mother and the teacher. 

Audience

Following on from yesterdays lesson; today we learnt about audiences, uses and gratifications. Gratification is used in films to extract pleasure. We were taught an acronym for these factors.

P -  Personal Identification. This is when someone can personally relate to the film, programme or magazine etc. Personal Identification relates to viewers the best if they have experienced the scenario they are watching/reading. An example of a film that includes Personal Identification is 'South Paw'. In this film, a mans wife dies and he has to come to terms with her death while trying to raise his little daughter, in which he faces a lot of struggle. Southpaw could relate to widowers who have or are experiencing the same situation.
I - Information. Information is the factual knowledge you gain from a film after watching it that you did not know before. An example of this is the film Gravity. from this film i learnt tha when you find yourself in a  stressful situation, try to calm yourself down by taking deep breaths but not too deep. Deep breaths will help lower your heard rate and reduce anxiety. By getting your body to a more balanced state, you will feel much more relaxed. Also, if you are in a space suit and your oxygen supply is limited, quick, rapid breaths use up way moe air.
E - Entertainment. Many people want films purely for the entertainment, whether it is an Action Film, Romantic Film, Horror Film or even a Thriller. Everyone extracts different elements from different films, some people find it relaxing to go and watch films. For example, someone who likes films based of true storys might want to go and see the film 'Straight Outta Compton'.
S - Social Interaction. This is where people use media and films in social situations. For example if you were the first person within your group of friends to see a new film, when you explain the film to your friends and family they will be interested and then excited to watch the film which you have recommended. You could also pass on films through social media like twitter to inform people about the films you have watched and if you liked them or not.

Representaion

In todays lesson the focus was representation in the media. We learnt about how characters, events and ideas are portrayed to the audience to make them feel a certain way. This is done by presenting different aspects of the media stereotypically.

 
Representation

The way in which people, events and ideas are presented to the audience. In terms of Media, representation is how the media takes something that is already there and represents it to us in the way that they choose, to make their audience feel a certain way about particular characters or themes. These representations are created by the producers of the film and the people who choose to present us with this are Gatekeepers. A Gatekeeper is any person involved in a media production with the power to make a decision about what the audience can hear, see, read and what they cannot see, hear or read. 

Stereotype

Used in media because audience will instantly understand them. Stereotypes can also be referred to as 'Visual Short Cuts' to help understand the concept.

Archetypes

 'Ultimate Stereotype'. An example of an ultimate stereotype is a 'blonde bimbo typically in stilettos and well groomed with no common sense.

Countertype

A countertype is a representation that challenges traditional stereotypical associations , groups, people  and places.

 

An example of an actual French man vs. a stereotypical French man.

Another example of stereotypical judgements are Arabic men. Below is a picture of an Arabic man vs a stereotypical portrayal of an Arab.

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Four Narrative Theorists

In today's lesson we observed film openings and extracted the narratives about each one. There are four different Narrative Theorists that we studies.

'Barthes' 

Barthes narrative represents the codes that are in films, including action, symbolic features and enigma.Enigma portrays the rhetorical questions we constantly find our self thinking when watching films, for example in the film 'Prestige' the scene makes us wonder; Why do we have to watch closely? What is the relationship between the young girl and the man? Where did the bird cage go? What happened to the man who fell through the floor? Why was he in a tub of water? What happened to him afterward? Is he dead? Was the water there to purposely kill him? The directors of the film purposely make the film indulging by placing all these question in our mind to make us want to continue watching the film, this is what is meant by the term enigma.

'Levi-Strauss'

We also analysed features that appeared in these short films from the narrative theorist

 'Levi-Strauss' which is the binary opposites. Some of the opposites that are frequently used are good and bad characters as well as heroes and villains, some characters, the good and bad characters in films are historical symbolized with light and dark clothing - a bad person dressed in black, and a good person commonly dressed in white. Other examples of binary opposites are, male and females, the rich and the poor and urban and rural settings. In the film 'Prestige' binary opposites are used in the the concept of the audience. For the elder man at the beginning of the scene, the young girl is his only audience. How the other magician has hundreds of people watching his show. 

'Todorov'

Todorov was the third narrative that we analysed. Todorov reflects the structure of a film, the obstacles that need to be overcome. This is because without any problems or dramatic scenes in the film it would be very dull. We came to terms with this by watching a short scene from 'Jack Jack' which showed many problems a babysitter faced when looking after a baby, in which she needed to overcome. All films need a structure like this to keep viewers engaged. Equilibrium is the state or normality. During films, they disturb the equilibrium and then restore is to dramatise the film and keep viewers engaged in the film, as the distruption of equilibrium makes the viewers wonder if it is overcome. This technique is used in many pixar short films.

'Propp'

The 'Propp' narrative is another way on insinuating the characters in the film, e.g. the Hero, the Villain, Doctor, Father, Mother, Friend, Princess, Doner, the Dispatcher and so on.

After annotating a few short films and identifying different factors of each narrative in then, we went on to study a short film of our own in depth in hope that we would recognise fragments of each of the narratives. The clip i chose to analyse was ...

Semiotic Analysis - Pursuit of Happyness.

I chose to analyse the film poster 'Pursuit of Happyness'. This film poster shows the two main characters in the movie, Chris Gardner and his son Christopher who are played by Will Smith and Jaden Smith. The two characters are holding hands which implies a sense of trust and unity in each other.  The light that is shining through their hands emphasises the bond the father and son have with each other and indicates that the key theme throughout the film will be their trust and unity they share. The young boy leaning on his father implies how the dependency the child has on his father and the trust he has in him which is only natural at that age, this . The father looking away from the audience and down at his son symbolises the love and connection that the father has within his child.  The positioning of the word 'Happyness' is also very significant in this poster. 'Happyness' is directly above the young boys head thus implying that the father finds his happiness within his child and nothing else. The positioning of the word 'Pursuit' is also significant when analysing this film poster as it is placed in the centre of the characters heart suggesting that they key to his happiness starts with himself, he needs to better himself in order to give him child a good life. 

The background is completely white making the characters stand out, this represent the iconic nature of the two characters. The colour white also signifies the purity of them both. In the word 'Happyness'; 'Happy' is coloured in red. This represents how to succeed their ultimate goal of a happy life they will have to endure pain and suffering. The use of the two colours creates a juxtaposition between the two emotions. 

Semiotics

What are Semiotics?

Semiotics are the study of signs, and also anything which stands for anything else. We read images and pictures in an attempt to decode them and to make sense of what they mean to us. Semiotics are used in film posters for viewers to get an inside view of what the film is about if they analyse closely, this then plays a big part in out decision whether or not we are intrigued to watch the film or not from the film poster.

Denotation - What we see when we look at an image.

Connotation - What is understood from an image when we look at it in closely detail.

In our lesson we we practiced the process of denotation and took a look at four different coloured squares - Red, Blue, Yellow and Green. In pairs, we discussed what objects or feelings came to mind when seeing these colours. Together as a class, here are a few denotations we came up with:

                                         Red                                                   Blue

                                Love, Anger, Evil,                            Calm, Ice, Cold, Boys

                            Communism, Socialism                    Authority, Conservatism

                             Desire, Heat, Passion                       Cleanliness, Strength, 

                             Assertivness, Daring.                                 Sadness.

   

                                        Yellow                                               Green

                            Cowardice, Creativity,                         Nature, Envy, Luck, 

                            Sunshine, Optimism                        Fertilty, Balance, Harmony,

                             Enlightenment, Joy,                         Growth, Peace, Ecology, 

                             Caution, Betrayal.                             Nervousness, Anxiety.

The Notebook

This scene from 'The Notebook' clearly replicates a romantic film. The slow music in the background sets the scene of sensitive emotion of the characters, because the sounds are so gentle. The frail body language of the characters suggests warmth towards one and other therfore signifying their attraction to each other. The passion in Allies voice when shouting 'Why didn't you write me' to Noah implies the lust she has felt towards him since not being with him. In the scene the producers have used pathetic fallacy to reflect the mood of the characters. By using rain in the background whilst the characters are rowing along a lake, it represents the sheer pain the pair have felt whilst being away from each other, we can notice this by how hard the rain is falling. The fact that Noah and Allie are rowing along the lake together alone with no distractions, is romantic in itself - all they have is each other to talk to which also reflects how whilst not being together, a part of them feels very alone.

What Lies Beneath

For an opening scene of a horror film, we decided to analyse a clip form 'What Lies Beneath'. When watching this clip, i noticed how the music dictates the mood of the film. The gentle sounds playing throughout the clip set the scene of a lady filled with fear. The instrument being played is mainly focusing on minor, slow, low pitched sounds until the producers want to feel the audience with tension and fear, which is when they start to incorporate the higher pitched, almost squeaky sounds to replicate the shock and scarceness of the character. Although this scene is not set in a dark room which most scary scenes are in horror films, the fact that this lady is alone creates a very dramatic atmosphere for the viewers. The theme of this film is quite obviously about the lady being killed by what we can conclude to be as an inanimate human being. We know this as the woman repeatedly asks 'what do you want?' hoping for an answer - the response she gets is 'you' written on a mirror smothered in condensation! In my opinion, the reason a mirror is used (which is blurry because of the condensation) is to exaggerate the title of the film 'What Lies Beneath' as you never know what lies beneath the surface and in this case, it is a ghostly like creature behind the mirror. 

Guardians Of The Galaxy

Another opening scene we analysed together as a class was 'Guardians Of The Galaxy'. From this scene, we can gather quite obviously that the film was set in the concept of another planet, in Space which suggests that this film falls under the genre of 'science fiction' - straight away we can notice that there will not be any factual elements appearing in this film as the opening is so fun and light hearted and because a man is dancing on another planet which is just a tad surreal. Immediately when the scene starts, the song 'Come And Get Your Love' by Redbone is playing while the man in the scene is dancing, Straight away an energetic fun energy is extracted from this opening scene due to the music - this shows how important choosing the music or background noise for your film is as it initially sets the atmosphere straight away. As there is one particular man dancing on his own, it implies very clearly that he is the main character in this film. The font chosen for the credits also reflects a fictional feel to the film as well as intriguing viewers. The font is slightly unusual in the way that it is not boring or plain. Because it is a bright yellow, it triggers the audience watching the film to  continue watching to film as they are led to believe that this film is different from other films.

Harry Brown

 In today's lesson (09/08/15) we analysed opening scenes of different films that represented a selection of genre's. The first scene that we evaluated was from the film 'Harry Brown'. The characters in this film were portrayed with a 'gangster'  like persona. The group of young boys which I believed to be the main characters were surrounded round one person which implied bulling and harassment so another boy, due tp the nature of the character in this scene it suggests that the bullying could be regarding collection of money or dugs or something of a similar thought.

The opening scene of this film is very dark. In every angle there was aspects of the colour black, whether it was black clothing or a very dark room. This was done to create a gloomy, muggy feel to the film.

The way the camera angle is used, it creates the illusion that another character is controlling the camera and filming the scenes. I think that this is done to make you feel like you are getting an inside perspective on this people everyday reality.

In the scene that is in the park, there are gunshots. The sound in this scene is especially loud and then one the trigger is pulled the sounds dramatically quietens. This is done to accelerate the intensity of the shooting, this is also shown in the scenery. The scenery of the gunshot shows that it is in the daytime, which portrays the brutality and rawness of the shooting as it is in clear daylight for everyone to see.

Genres

We had the genre 'Drama' in mind when taking this shot. Chris manages to obtain a strange body image in this photo, with focal points both on his face and his hand actions near his neck. His hand gives the illusion of him stabbing his own neck, which represents a dramatised film as it makes you wonder what is wrong with him? What has happened to make him want to do that to himself? The striking facial expression on his face immediately attracts the viewers attention. The other character in this image, Ben, is just simply standing there which emphasises the dramatic side of this film. Why would someone not try and stop what they are seeing? Ben's reaction to this scene illustrates how what Chris is doing is not new, as if he is used to seeing things like this before, which again makes viewers wonder what is wrong with this person who is stabbing himself? What is the history to this scene and what will happen afterward?

This image was taken to reflect the genre of thriller. The mysterious nature of this image obtains a thrilleresque feel to it as it creates a puzzled and confused scene in the viewers mind. The vulnerability of the eye emphasises a viewers emotion when watching a thriller movie because of the frequent dramatic scenes appearing in this genre of film, these dramatised scenes create a sometimes fearful or enthusiast emotion towards the film. Because the eye is opened so wide, it reflects how suggests how each viewer is open to different interpretations of thriller films, as some may find them scary and other engaging and up lifting.

This image was taken to portray a genre of a documentary film. As you can tell when observing this image;  Chris is closely paying attention to the rock. The position of Chris' hands give the illusion toto the viewers that he is paying full attention to and studying aspects of the rock, which all documenters do when filming. Although we was limited in our locations to take our shots, the grass and the daylight scenery creates a suitable setting for the purpose of the photo, a nature documentary. The restricting red and white ribbon was unintentionally featured in the shot, however when overviewing the photos we decided that it looks as though Chris has authorised accused to banned areas, making the photo look more professional. 

'Comedy' was the genre we had chosen to represent this image. The simplicity of this shot is what creates the comical nature of this film. Chris is simply just falling over, which is funny in its self as it portrays a clumsy character. We can tell that the use of Chris falling over is for it to be funny rather than dramatic because of his facial expression which is a mid laugh kind of smirk. The setting is in broad daylight and on a flat surface which highlights the clumsiness of the character as there was nothing for his to slip over on, neither did he fall because it was too dark to see where he was going - it was just a tricky bit of flat! 

The Wolf Of Wall Street - Opening Scene